K. Charlie Lakin, Ph.D.
Center and Project Director
Charlie has more than 30 years experience in services to individuals with ID/DD as a teacher, researcher, consultant and advocate. He has directed numerous research and training projects and has (co)authored over 200 publications based on that work. He frequently consults with state, federal and international agencies in matters of policy, research and evaluation. Among recognitions afforded Charlie are appointments by President Clinton to the President's Committee on Mental Retardation, the American Association on Mental Retardation's Dybwad Humanitarian Award and the University of Minnesota's Outstanding Community Service Award.
Organization: Research and Training Center on Community Living
E-mail: (lakin001@umn.edu)

• CMS Direct Support Worker Technical Assistance
  RTC staff will work with the Lewin Group to deliver technical assistance to the 10 grantees who received direct support workforce ... (More)
  
  
• College of Direct Support: National Online Training Program for Direct Support Professionals
  The College of Direct Support (CDS) is a computer-assisted, competency-based, interactive multimedia training curriculum for direc... (More)
  
  
• Consumer Controlled Housing: Outcomes of a Comprehensive Education and Counseling Program
  This study will provide ongoing evaluation from consumers and will develop programs and products to promote the ideals and support... (More)
  
  
• Evaluation of Project FIT, and Gateway to Adventure/Wilderness Inquiry
  This project will apply Wilderness Inquiry’s (WI) Universal Program Participation Model to support whole families with young adult... (More)
  
  
• Formative and Summative Evaluation of the College of Direct Support: The RTC/CL’s Web-Based Training System for DSPs and Frontline Supervisors
  This study will provide both summative and formative research to measure the benefits, guide the development and inform the revisi... (More)
  
  
• Hennepin County Case Management Evaluation
  The report to be completed for this project is an evaluation of the newly implemented model for case management services for perso... (More)
  
  
• National Evaluation of Medicaid Home and Community Based Services (subcontract from the Lewin Group)
  The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) through Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, regulation, and certification di... (More)
  
  
• National Residential Information Systems Project and Policy Studies
  For over 20 years, the National Residential Information Systems Project has been collecting and disseminating annually, national a... (More)
  
  
• Policy, Environmental and Individual Factors Associated with Full Participation and Integration in a Large Multi-State Sample
  This project will involve a secondary analysis of the integrated multi-state Community Living Outcomes database to examine the con... (More)
  
  
• QualityMall.org
  Quality Mall is a web site that gathers and disseminates information related to or useful in promoting the quality of life for per... (More)
  
  
• Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of a Model Community Quality Assurance System Designed, Managed and Staffed by Community Members
  Beginning in 1996, a group of community “stakeholders” in SE Minnesota began to explore community initiatives to improve services.... (More)
  
  
• Report to Congress on the Supply of Direct Support Professionals Serving Individuals with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities
  This project developed a draft of a Report to Congress on the supply and demand of direct support professionals needed to serve pe... (More)
  
  
• Self-Advocacy Online: Research and Development to Bridge the “Digital Divide”
  This research and development project will employ systematic analysis of specific web-based technology and learning strategies to ... (More)
  
  
• Status, Trends, and Innovations in Medicaid Support for Community Services
  This project integrates Medicaid HCBS (“waiver”), ICF/MR, and Nursing Facility data collection and national data systems of the RT... (More)
  
  
• Studies of Persons with Developmental Disabilities in the National Health Interview Survey Supplement on Disability
  This project undertakes various analyses of the National Health Interview Survey on Disability Supplement (NHIS-D) to further know... (More)
  
  
• Use of Web-based Technology to Increase Recreation, Leisure and Life Opportunities for Persons with ID/DD (LifePages.org)
  An interactive website is being developed to provide a “clearinghouse” for leisure, recreation and life opportunities for people w... (More)
  
  
• Emergency Preparedness Planning for Developmental Disabilities Services: NASDDDS Self-Assessment Instrument
  The National Association of State Directors of Developmental Disabilities Services (NASDDDS), in conjunction with the Research and... (More)
  
  
• Minnesota Quality Assurance Panel
  The Minnesota State Legislature convened a committee, the Quality Assurance Panel, to study the efficacy of establishing regional... (More)
  
  
• Annual National and State-by-State Data Collection on Status and Trends in Medicaid Policy, Financing and Innovation
  This study involves state data collection; analyses of Medicaid administrative data, and interviews of key state officials to main... (More)
  
  
• Identification, Review, Evaluation and Compendium of Effective Measures, Instruments and Programs for Research on Inclusion, Self-Determination and Well-Being of Persons with ID/DD
  This study provides comprehensive identification, review and assessment measures related to participation and community living and... (More)
  
  
• Active Support Interventions and Their Effect on Increased Participation of Persons with Severe Impairments
  Active Support (AS) is an organizational intervention to enable direct support professionals (DSPs) in community settings to effec... (More)
  
  
• Develop and Field Test Participant Experience Survey Instruments to Evaluate HCBS Effectiveness and Quality in Minnesota
  This project assists Thomson Healthcare in supporting the legislatively-mandated development and implementation of an annual surve... (More)
  
  
• Minnesota State Profile
  This project assists Thomson Healthcare to prepare reports for the Minnesota Department of Human Services through assisting with c... (More)
  
  

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A Summary of Observation on Consumer Monitoring (PDF) - This report summarizes observations from experiences observing and interviewing participants in programs in with individuals with developmental disabilities have been engaged in monitoring the quality of community services. (2000); File Size: 44 KB

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An Analysis of Expenditures and Outcomes of different Residential Settings in Minnesota (PDF) - This document provides a summary of findings from a study commissioned by the Minnesota legislature to examine relative costs and outcomes associated with different residential service options in Minnesota. (1998); File Size: 11 KB

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Reviews of the Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Programs in Six States - These reports summarize findings and observations of site visits to six states between February and August, 2000 to view and discuss with key state officials, service providers, program participants and others the implementation, outcomes and challenges of each state’s Medicaid Home and Community- Based Services (HCBS) “waiver” program. The six states were chosen based on an array of statistical data on state HCBS programs to reflect the full range of “development.” (2000)   • Six State Summary Report (PDF); File Size: 175 KB

•	Analysis of the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) Minimum Data Set (MDS) Characteristics of Nursing Home Residents in 2000 -   • People with Intellectual or Developmental Disabilties Living in Nursing Homes in December 2000 (PDF); File Size: 21 KB

DD Data Brief - A series summarizing analyses of the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey-Disability Supplement.   • Problems in Defining Mental Retardation and Developmental Disability: Using the National Health Interview Survey (PDF) - Volume 7, Number 1 (2005); File Size: 62 KB   • Gender, Age and Disability Differences in Functional Limitations for Non-Institutionalized Adults in the NHIS-D (PDF) - Volume 6, Number 1 (2004); File Size: 92 KB   • Response Patterns Among Adult Respondents with Mental Retardation in the National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2002 (PDF) - Volume 6, Number 2 (2004); File Size: 113 KB   • Health Insurance Coverage and Health Care Experiences of Persons with Developmental Disabilities in the NHIS-D (PDF) - Volume 5, Number 1 (2003); File Size: 127 KB   • Service Use by and Needs of Adults with Functional Limitations or ID/DD in the NHIS-D; Difference by Age Gender and Disability (PDF) - Volume 5, Number 2 (2003); File Size: 117 KB   • Children with Disabilities: Social Roles and Family Impacts in the NHIS-D (PDF) - Volume 4, Number 1 (2002); File Size: 80 KB   • Demographic Characteristics of Persons with MR/DD Living in Their Own Homes or With Family Members: NHIS-D Analysis (PDF) - Volume 3, Number 2 (2001); File Size: 87 KB   • Functional Limitations of Adults in the U.S. Non-Institutionalized Population: NHIS-D Analysis (PDF) - Volume 3, Number 3 (2001); File Size: 106 KB   • Characteristics of and Service Use by Persons with MR/DD Living in Their Own Homes or With Family Members: NHIS-D Analysis (PDF) - Volume 3, Number 1 (2001); File Size: 75 KB   • Prevalence of Mental Retardation and/Developmental Disabilities: Analysis of the 1994/1995 NHIS-D (PDF) - Volume 2, Number 1 (2000); File Size: 76 KB

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Minnesota Waiver Report - An independent evaluation of the quality of services and system performance of Minnesota's Medicaid home and community based services for persons with mental retardation and related conditions. (2000)   • Executive Summary (PDF); File Size: 322 KB   • Full Report (PDF); File Size: 827 KB   • Brief Summary (PDF); File Size: 331 KB

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National Residential Information Systems Project (RISP) - For over 20 years, the National Residential Information Systems Project has been collecting and disseminating annually, national and state statistics on public and private residential services, Medicaid program utilization, expenditures, etc.   • 2005 RISP Report (PDF) (2006); File Size: 1.03 MB   • 2004 RISP Report (PDF) (2005); File Size: 1.88 MB   • 2003 RISP Report (PDF) (2004); File Size: .98 MB   • 2002 RISP Report (PDF) (2003); File Size: 1.11 MB   • 2001 RISP Report (PDF) (2002); File Size: 1.83 MB   • 2000 RISP Report (PDF) (2001); File Size: 1.57 MB

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Evaluation Of Case Management Model Hennepin County Developmental Disabilities Program (PDF) - This report is an evaluation of the newly implemented model for case management services for persons with developmental disabilities. It addresses the following issues, and includes a comparison of the newly implemented model with previous practices and best or alternative practice from literature reviews: 1. How does the new case management model support and encourage client choice and control? 2. How does the new model address county responsibilities? 3. Does the county have any exposures or vulnerabilities under the new model? 4. How does the new model address responsiveness to clients? 5. Will the new model allow the county to meet the needs of growing numbers of clients with fixed case management resources? 6. Will the new model be effective in assuring client health and safety considerations? The report is based in part on information gathered through focus groups with all case managers and supervisors, a survey of all case managers and supervisors, and interviews with a selected number of consumers. (2005); File Size: 361 KB

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Issues in the Direct Support Workforce and their Connections to the Growth, Sustainability and Quality of Community Supports (PDF) - Difficulties in assuring adequate direct support staff recruitment, retention and competence are widely reported as the single biggest barrier to the growth, sustainability, and quality of community services for people with developmental disabilities. This paper explores the complexity of the direct support workforce crisis, the effects of this crisis on various stakeholder groups and potential strategies to address them. (2001); File Size: 62 KB

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Waiting List Report - Results and findings from a national survey of state directors of developmental disabilities services regarding the nature of state programs and responses for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities (MR/DD) waiting for services.   • 2002 Report (PDF) (2002); File Size: 217 KB   • 2000 Report (PDF) (2000); File Size: 166 KB

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"Community For All" Tool Kit - A useful set of resources for promoting deinstitutionalization and institutional closure. The tool kit is a product of collaboration between the RTC and the Center on Human Policy at Syracuse University, the American Association on Mental Retardation, The Arc of the United States, The Council on Quality and Leadership, the National Association of Councils on Developmental Disabilities, and TASH. (2005)

•	A Guidebook on Consumer Controlled Housing - This guidebook was developed to advance the consideration of consumer controlled housing options by people with developmental disabilities, their families, and others who help them. (2000)

College of Direct Support - The College of Direct Support (CDS) is a computer-assisted, competency-based, interactive multimedia training curriculum for direct support professionals in community settings.

•	Quality Mall - Quality Mall is a web site that gathers and disseminates information related to or useful in promoting the quality of life for persons with developmental disabilities. It especially focuses on promising person-centered practices and innovations.

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  Books and Monographs

• Fields, T., Lakin, K.C., et al. (2000). A guidebook to consumer controlled housing for Minnesotans with developmental disabilities (rev. ed.). St. Paul: Arc Minnesota.
  
  
• Hanson, R., Wieseler, N.A., & Lakin, K.C. (Eds.). (2002). Crisis prevention and response in the community. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Larson, S.A., Lakin, K.C., & Bruininks, R.H. (1998). Staff recruitment and retention: Study results and intervention strategies. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Emerson, E., & Lakin, K. C. (Eds.). (2000). Community living services for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities [Special issue]. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 101 (No. 1).
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Emerson, E., & Lakin, K. C. (Eds.). (2001). Contemporary outcomes and issues in deinstitutionalization of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities [Special issue]. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 101 (No. 2).
  
  
• Tymchuk, A. J., Lakin, K. C., & Luckasson, R. (Eds.). (2001). The forgotten generation: The status and challenges of adults with mild cognitive limitations in American society. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  
  

  Journal Articles

• Anderson, L., Lakin, K. C., Mangan, T. W., & Prouty, R. W. (1998). State institutions: Thirty years of depopulation and closure. Mental Retardation, 36(6), 431-443.
  
  
• Anderson, L., Prouty, R., & Lakin, K. C. (2000). Parallels in size of residential settings and use of Medicaid financed programs. Mental Retardation, 38(5), 468-471. Mental Retardation, 32(4), 319.
  
  
• Anderson, L., Prouty, R., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). People living in settings other than congregate care for 44% of HCBS recipient. Mental Retardation, 37(5), 428-429.
  
  
• Hewitt, A., Larson, S., Lakin, C., Sauer, J., & Sedlezky, L. (submitted). The Roles and Essential Competencies of the Frontline Supervisors of Direct Support Professionals in Community Services. Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Kim, S., Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (2001). Behavioral outcomes of deinstitutionalization for people with intellectual disability: A review of US studies conducted between 1980 and 1999. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26 (1), 35-50.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C. (1998). On the outside looking in: attending to waiting lists in systems of services for people with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 36(2), 157-162.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C. (1998). Observations in the California mortality studies. Mental Retardation, 36(5), 395-400.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., & Prouty, R. (1999). Medicaid HCBS “waiver” recipients are now twice the number of Medicaid ICF/MR residents. Mental Retardation (4), 341-343.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., & Prouty, R. W. (1998). Decreases continue in out-of-home residential placements of children and youth with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 36(2), 165-168.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., Prouty, R., & Polister, B. (1999). Community residential services would require a 72% expansion to serve everyone in community settings. Mental Retardation, 37, 85-86.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Prouty, R. W., Anderson, L., & Polister, B. (1998). Changes in Medicaid long-term care expenditures, 1992-1997. Mental Retardation, 36(6), 508-509.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Prouty, R. W., Polister, B., & Anderson, L. (2000). Over three-quarters of all residential service recipients were in community settings as of June 1999. Mental Retardation, 38 (4), 378-379.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Prouty, R., Polister, B., & Smith, J. (2002). Indicators of change in service for persons with intellectual disabilities: Decade ending June 30, 2002. Mental Retardation, 40(1), 90-96.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Smith, J., Prouty, R., & Polister, B. (2001). State institutions during the 1990s: Changes in the number of facilities, average daily populations, and expenditures between Fiscal Years 1991 and 2000. Mental Retardation, 39 (1), 72-75.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). A longitudinal study of recruitment and retention in small community homes supporting persons with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 37, 36-46.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). A longitudinal study of recruitment and retention in small community homes supporting people with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 37(4), 267-280.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., Kwak, N., Lee, J. H., & Anderson, D. (2001). Prevalence of mental retardation and developmental disabilities: Estimates from the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 231-252.
  
  
• Rudolph, C., Lakin, K. C., Oslund, J., & Larson, W. (1998). Evaluation of a behavioral support and crisis response demonstration project. Mental Retardation, 36(3).
  
  
• Smith, G. A., Prouty, R., & Lakin, K. C. (2001). Medicaid long-term care services for people with developmental disabilities-That was then, this is now. Mental Retardation, 39 (6), 488-491.
  
  
• Smith, J., Prouty, R., Polister, B., Kwak, N., & Lakin, K. C., (2001). Large state residential facilities: Status and trends in population characteristics as of June 30, 2000. Mental Retardation, 39 (4), 334-337.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Emerson, E., & Lakin K. C. (2001). Community living and people with intellectual disability. Introduction to part II. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 26, 5-14.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Emerson, E., & Lakin K. C. (2000). Community living and people with intellectual disability. Introduction to part I. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25(4), i-iv.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Effectiveness and quality of individual planning in residential settings: An analysis of outcomes. Mental Retardation, 37, 104-116.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Interventions for challenging behavior in residential settings. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 104, 364-375.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Effectiveness of challenging behavior IHP objectives in residential settings: A longitudinal study. Mental Retardation, 37, 482-493.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., & Lakin, K. C. (2000). Quality and content of individualized habilitation plan objectives in residential settings. Education and training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 35, 191-207.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). A longitudinal comparison of day program services and outcome for persons who left institutions and those who stayed behind. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24, 44-57.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R., & Lakin, K. C. (1998). Analysis of expenditures and outcomes of residential alternatives for persons with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102(6).
  
  
• Stancliffe, R., Hayden, M.F., Larson, S.A., & Lakin, K.C. (2002). Longitudinal study on the adaptive and challenging behaviors of deinstitutionalized adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 302-320.
  
  

  Book Chapters

• Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (2001). Building stronger communities for all: Thoughts about community participation for people with developmental disabilities. In A. Tymchuk, K. Charlie Lakin, & R. Luckasson (Eds.), The forgotten generation: The status and challenges of adults with mild cognitive limitations (pp. 191-199). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., (2001). Quality assurance in Home and Community Based Services: A response to Hamilton. In J. Gardner (Ed.), Measure for measure: Person-centered quality assurance (pp.31-39). Towson, MD Council for Quality Leadership.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., & Larson, S. A. (2002). The social and policy context of community-centered behavioral supports and crisis response. In R. Hanson, N. Wheeler, & K. C. Lakin (Eds.), Crisis: Prevention and Response in the Community. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Hewitt, A., Bast, J., O’Nell, S., & Sajevic, P. (1998). A demonstration to test performance-based outcome measures as a foundation to a quality assurance/quality enhancement system. In J. Gardner (Ed.), Outcome-based performance measurement in disability services. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
  
  
• Lakin, K. C., Larson, S. A., Anderson, L. L., & Kwak, N. (In press). Definitions and findings on developmental disabilities within the disability supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. In S. Barnartt, B. Altman, G. Hendershot, and S.A. Larson (Eds.), Disability research within the NHIS-D: The results of a users conference. Research in Social Sciences and Disability, (Vol. 3, whole issue). Stanford, CT: JAI Press.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., Anderson, L., Prouty, R., Polister, B., & Clayton, C. (1999). Staffing patterns, characteristics and outcomes in large state-operated residential facilities in 1998. In R.W. Prouty & K.C. Lakin (Eds.). Residential services for persons with developmental disabilities: Status and trends through 1998. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., Lakin, K. C., & Hewitt, A. (2002). Embarking on a new century for direct care professionals: 1975 to 2000 and beyond. In D. Croser, P. Baker, & R. Schalock (Ed.), A century of concern (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American association on Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., Lakin, K. C., & Hewitt, A. (In Press). Direct support professionals: 1975-2000. In D. Croser, P. Paker, & R. Schalock (Eds.), Embarking on a New Century. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
  
  
• Larson, S., Prouty, R.W., & Polister, B. (2001). Staffing patterns, characteristics and outcomes in large state-operated residential facilities in 2000. In R W. Prouty, G. Smith, & K. C. Lakin (Eds.), Residential services for persons with developmental disabilities: Status and trends through 2000. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living.
  
  
• Smull, M., & Lakin, K. C. (2002). Public policy and person-centered planning. In P. Vietz & S. Holburn (Eds.), Person-centered planning. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  
  
• Stancliffe, R., Emerson, E., & Lakin, K. C. (in press). Residential supports. In E. Emerson, C Hatton, T. Paramenter, & T. Thompson (Eds.). Handbook of methods for research and evaluation in intellectual disabilities. New York: John Wiley.
  
  
• Tymchuk, A., Lakin, K. C., & Luckasson, R. (2001). Life at the margins: Demographic, economic and social circumstances of adults with mild cognitive limitations in an increasingly complex society. In A. Tymchuk, K. C. Lakin, & R. Luckasson (Eds.), The forgotten generation: The status and challenges of adults with mild cognitive limitations in American society (pp. 21-38). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  
  
• Tymchuk, A., Lakin, K. C., & Luckasson, R. (2001). Enhancing understanding, opportunity and social support for adults with mild cognitive limitations through community programs and social support. In A. Tymchuk, K.C. Lakin & R. Luckasson (Eds.), The forgotten generation: The status and challenges of adults with mild cognitive limitations in American society (pp. 357-367). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  
  

  Technical Reports

• Anderson, L., Hayden, M. F., Kim, S., Lakin, K. C., Polister, B., & Prouty, B. (1999). Policies and resources related to waiting lists of persons with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community Integration.
  
  
• Bast, J., Constantine, M., & Lakin, K. C. (2000). Perspectives on the use and users of the Metro Crisis Coordination Program. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community Integration.
  
  
• Hewitt, A., O'Nell, S., Smith, J., Bast, J., Larson, S., & Lakin, K. C. (1998). An evaluation of alternative methods to assure and enhance the quality of long-term care services for persons with developmental disabilities through performance based contracts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community Integration.
  
  
• Polister, B., Blake, E., Prouty, R. W., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Reinventing Quality: 1998 sourcebook on innovative programs for quality assurance and quality improvement in community services. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community integration.
  
  
• Prouty, R. W., & Lakin, K. C. (Eds.). (1998). Residential services for persons with mental retardation and related conditions: Status and trends through 1997. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community Integration.
  
  
• Prouty, R., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Residential services for persons with mental retardation and related conditions: Status and trends through 1998. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living/Institute on Community integration.
  
  
• Smith, J. G., McBride, M., Hayden, M. F., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Summary of focus group meetings: Person-directed supports in Dakota County, Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Center on Community Living.
  
  

  RTC Periodicals

• Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., & Prouty, R. W. (1998). Children and youth receiving residential services for persons with developmental disabilities outside their family home. Policy Research Brief, 9(1), Whole issue.
  
  
• Larson, S. A., Lakin, K. C., Anderson, L., & Kwak, N. (1999). 1994 National Health Interview Survey: Disability Supplement — Identifying people with mental retardation or developmental disabilities. MR/DD Data Brief, 1 (1). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Research and Training Center on Community Living.